Dark Blue theme by hobix
Download: Dark-Blue.p3t
Lamborghini
Lamborghini theme by linkin777
Download: Lamborghini.p3t
(3 backgrounds)
 .svg){kind=logo} | |
 Headquarters in Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
|---|---|
| Industry | Automotive |
| Founded | 1963 |
| Founder | Ferruccio Lamborghini |
| Headquarters | , Italy |
Number of locations | 135 dealerships |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people | Stephan Winkelmann (CEO)[1] |
Production output |  9,233 vehicles (2022)[2] |
| Revenue | €2.38 billion (2022)[3] |
| €614 million | |
| €10.1 million (2014)[3] | |
| Total equity | €1.832 billion (2014)[3] |
Number of employees | 1,779 (December 2020)[4] |
| Parent | Audi AG |
| Subsidiaries | Ducati Motor Holding S.p.A. Italdesign Giugiaro |
| Website | lamborghini.com |
Automobili Lamborghini S.p.A. (Italian: [autoˈmɔːbili lamborˈɡiːni]) is an Italian manufacturer of luxury sports cars and SUVs based in Sant'Agata Bolognese. The company is owned by the Volkswagen Group through its subsidiary Audi.
Ferruccio Lamborghini (1916–1993), an Italian manufacturing magnate, founded Automobili Ferruccio Lamborghini S.p.A. in 1963 to compete with Ferrari. The company was noted for using a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout. Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first decade, but sales plunged in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. The firm's ownership changed three times after 1973, including a bankruptcy in 1978. American Chrysler Corporation took control of Lamborghini in 1987 and sold it to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division.
New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand. In the late 2000s, during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.
Lamborghini currently produces the V10-powered Huracán, Urus SUV powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine, and will produce the Revuelto, a V12/electric hybrid, as of 2024. In addition, the company produces V12 engines for offshore powerboat racing.
Lamborghini Trattori, founded in 1948 by Ferruccio Lamborghini, is headquartered in Pieve di Cento, Italy, and continues to produce tractors. Since 1973, Lamborghini Trattori has been a separate entity from the automobile manufacturer.
History[edit]
Manufacturing magnate Italian Ferruccio Lamborghini founded the company in 1963 with the objective of producing a refined grand touring car to compete with offerings from established marques such as Ferrari. The company's first models, such as the 350 GT, were released in the mid-1960s. Lamborghini was noted for the 1966 Miura sports coupé, which used a rear mid-engine, rear-wheel drive layout.
Lamborghini grew rapidly during its first ten years, but sales fell in the wake of the 1973 worldwide financial downturn and the oil crisis. Ferruccio Lamborghini sold the company to Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer and retired in 1974. The company went bankrupt in 1978, and was placed in the receivership of brothers Jean-Claude and Patrick Mimran in 1980. The Mimrans purchased the company out of receivership by 1984 and invested heavily in its expansion. Under the Mimrans' management, Lamborghini's model line was expanded from the Countach to include the Jalpa sports car and the LM002 high-performance off-road vehicle.
The Mimrans sold Lamborghini to the Chrysler Corporation in 1987. After replacing the Countach with the Diablo and discontinuing the Jalpa and the LM002, Chrysler sold Lamborghini to Malaysian investment group Mycom Setdco and Indonesian group V'Power Corporation in 1994. In 1998, Mycom Setdco and V'Power sold Lamborghini to the Volkswagen Group where it was placed under the control of the group's Audi division. New products and model lines were introduced to the brand's portfolio and brought to the market and saw an increased productivity for the brand Lamborghini. In the late 2000s, during the worldwide financial crisis and the subsequent economic crisis, Lamborghini's sales saw a drop of nearly 50 per cent.
In 2021, the CEO of Lamborghini said that by 2024 all its models will be hybrid.[5]
| Years | Owner |
|---|---|
| 1963–1972 | Ferruccio Lamborghini |
| 1972–1977 | Georges-Henri Rossetti and René Leimer |
| 1977–1984 | Receivership |
| 1984–1987 | Patrick Mimran |
| 1987–1994 | Chrysler Corporation |
| 1994–1995 | MegaTech |
| 1995–1998 | V'Power and Mycom Sedtco |
| 1998–present | Audi AG |
Products[edit]
Automobiles[edit]
As of the 2018 model year, Lamborghini's automobile product range consists of three model lines, two of which are mid-engine two-seat sports cars while the third one is a front engined, all-wheel drive SUV.[6]
Models in production[edit]
- Revuelto
Production of the new Revuelto began in mid-2023 and it will be delivered in late 2023 as a 2024 model. The car will be powered by a 6.5L naturally aspirated V12 and three magnetic motors for a combined power output of 1,001 hp (1,015 PS).[7][8]
- Huracán
The V10-powered Huracán line currently includes the all-wheel-drive LP 610-4, the low cost rear-wheel-drive LP 580-2 and the powerful track oriented LP 640-4 Performante, each in coupé and Spyder (convertible) versions.[9]
- Urus
With the intention of doubling its sales volume by 2019, Lamborghini also added an SUV named Urus in its line-up which is powered by a twin-turbo V8 engine and utilises a front engine, all-wheel drive layout.[10][11]
Marine engines[edit]
Motori Marini Lamborghini produces a large V12 marine engine block for use in World Offshore Series Class 1 powerboats. A Lamborghini branded marine engine displaces approximately 8,171 cc (8.2 L) and outputs approximately 940 hp (700 kW).[12]
Lamborghini motorcycle[edit]
In the mid-1980s, Lamborghini produced a limited-production run of a 1,000 cc (61.0 cu in) sports motorcycle. UK weekly newspaper Motor Cycle News reported in 1994—when featuring an example available through an Essex motorcycle retailer—that 24 examples were produced with a Lamborghini alloy frame having adjustable steering head angle, Kawasaki GPz1000RX engine/transmission unit, Ceriani front forks and Marvic wheels. The bodywork was plastic and fully integrated with front fairing merged into fuel tank and seat cover ending in a rear tail-fairing. The motorcycles were designed by Lamborghini stylists and produced by French business Boxer Bikes.[13]
Branded merchandise[edit]
Lamborghini licenses its brand to manufacturers that produce a variety of Lamborghini-branded consumer goods including scale models, clothing, accessories, bags, electronics[14] and laptop computers.[15]
Motorsport[edit]
.jpg) | |
| Squadra Corse | |
| Company type | Subsidiary |
| Industry |
|
| Headquarters | Sant'Agata Bolognese , Italy |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
|
| Owner | Automobili Lamborghini |
| Parent | Audi AG |
| Website | lamborghini |
Automobiles produced[edit]
Lamborghini Motorsport Division Squadra Corse produces GT3 cars and cars for their Super Trofeo events based on the Gallardo and Huracán. Apart from them, the Squadra Corse builds cars upon customer request.
GT3 and Super Trofeo Cars[edit]
- Gallardo LP 570-4 Super Trofeo
- Gallardo LP 560-4 Super Trofeo
- Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO
- Huracán LP 620-2 Super Trofeo EVO2
- Huracán Super Trofeo GT2
- Huracán GT3
- Huracán GT3 Evo
- Huracán GT3 Evo 2
Special cars[edit]
These cars were built by Squadra Corse upon customer request.
Events held[edit]
Lamborghini Super Trofeo[edit]
The Super Trofeo is a series of Motorsport events held by Squadra corse using their Super Trofeo model vehicles (currently the Huracán Super Trofeo EVO) which are racing versions of the road-approved models (Huracán and Gallardo models).
The Super Trofeo events are held in three different series, in three continents: America, Asia and Europe. Many private race team participate each of these events.
Every series consists of six rounds, each of which feature free practice sessions, qualifying and two races lasting 50 minutes each. There are four categories of drivers: Pro, Pro-Am, Am and Lamborghini Cup. The season ends in the Lamborghini Super Trofeo World Final.[16]
Lamborghini GT3[edit]
.jpg)
The Lamborghini GT3 is a series of Motorsport events held by The Squadra Corse using Huracán GT3 cars that comply with the FIA GT3 regulations. The racing event is open to any Huracán GT3 customer.
Lamborghini currently uses Huracán GT3 Evo cars for these events and more than 60 private race teams participate these events.[17]
Current factory drivers[edit]
Factory drivers[18][edit]
GT3 junior drivers[19][edit]
Jack Bartholomew
Glenn van Berlo
Riccardo Cazzaniga
Pierre-Louis Chovet
Jaden Conwright- Alessio Deledda
-
Ram
Ram theme by Rage1016
Download: RamTheme.p3t
(1 background)
Ram, ram, or RAM most commonly refers to:
- A male sheep
- Random-access memory, computer memory
- Ram Trucks, US, since 2009
- List of vehicles named Dodge Ram, trucks and vans
- Ram Pickup, produced by Ram Trucks
Ram, ram, or RAM may also refer to:
Animals[edit]
- Ram cichlid, a freshwater tropical fish
People[edit]
- Ram (given name)
- Ram (surname)
- Ram (director) (Ramsubramaniam), an Indian Tamil film director
- RAM (DJ), Dutch trance producer and DJ
- Ram Dass (Richard Alpert), American spiritual teacher and author
Religion[edit]
- Rama (or Râm), an incarnation of the god Vishnu in Hinduism
- Ram and Rud, progenitors of the second generation of humans in Mandaeism
Places[edit]
- Ram, Serbia, Veliko Gradište
- Ram Island (disambiguation), several islands with the name
- Ram Fortress, Serbia
- Ram Range, a mountain range in the Canadian Rockies
- Ram River, in Alberta, Canada
- Ramingining Airport, IATA airport code "RAM"
- Lake Ram, Golan Heights, Syria
- Mizo Ram, a state in northeastern India
Arts, entertainment, and media[edit]
- Ram (album), a 1971 album by Paul and Linda McCartney
- Ram & Tam, a late 1970s-early 1980s reggae duo
- RAM (band), Port-au-Prince, Haiti
- Ram (film), an upcoming Indian film
- Ram FM, a radio station, Derbyshire, England 1994–2010
- RAM Records, UK
- Random Access Memories, a 2013 album by Daft Punk
- Rock Australia Magazine, 1975–1989
- RAM (Rapid Action Mission), a 2024 Indian film
- "RAM" (Person of Interest), an episode of the American television series Person of Interest
Organizations[edit]
Museums[edit]
- Rockbund Art Museum, Shanghai, China
- Royal Alberta Museum, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada
Other organizations[edit]
- Revolutionary Action Movement, a 1960s US black nationalist organization
- Reform the Armed Forces Movement, a Philippines military cabal 1980s-1990s
- Remote Area Medical Volunteer Corps, a US healthcare organization
- Renew America Movement, a US political group
- Residents Action Movement, a New Zealand political party
- Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche, an alleged separatist organization in Argentina and Chile
- Rise Above Movement, an American white nationalist organization
- Royal Academy of Music, London, UK
- Royal Air Maroc, the national airline of Morocco
Astrology[edit]
- Aries (astrology), an astrological sign also known as the Ram
- Goat (zodiac) or Ram, a sign of the Chinese zodiac
Science and technology[edit]
Computing[edit]
- Random-access machine, a theoretical computer model
- .ram, a file extension for the RealAudio file format
Military[edit]
- Ram (rocket), a US Korean War anti-tank weapon
- A device used for ramming
- Ram tank, Canada, WWII
- RIM-116 Rolling Airframe Missile, a naval surface-to-air missile
Other uses in science and technology[edit]
- Extension ram, a hydraulic rescue tool
- Hydraulic ram
- Radar-absorbent material
- Rechargeable alkaline manganese battery
- Reliability, availability, and maintainability, in logistics
- Root apical meristem, a plant tissue
Other uses[edit]
- Aries (constellation), also known as the Ram
- Ram languages, of Papua New Guinea
- RAM Racing, F1 team 1976–1985
See also[edit]
This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the title Ram.
If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.BloodRayne 2
BloodRayne 2 theme by JanoNath
Download: BloodRayne2.p3t
(1 background)
BloodRayne 2 
Developer(s) Terminal Reality Publisher(s) - Terminal Cut/ReVamped
- Ziggurat Interactive
Producer(s) Raymond Holmes Designer(s) - Raymond Holmes
- Jeff Mills
- Drew Haworth
Programmer(s) - Fletcher Dunn
- Ken Rogoway
Artist(s) Scott Wetterschneider Writer(s) - Drew Haworth
- Raymond Holmes
- Jeff Mills
- John Shirley
Composer(s) Kyle Richards Series BloodRayne Engine - Infernal Engine
Platform(s) - Terminal Cut
- Microsoft Windows
- ReVamped
- Nintendo Switch
- PlayStation 4
- PlayStation 5
- Xbox One
- Xbox Series
Release Genre(s) Action, hack and slash Mode(s) Single-player BloodRayne 2 is an action hack and slash video game developed by Terminal Reality for PlayStation 2, Xbox and Microsoft Windows. It does not follow on directly from where BloodRayne finished; instead, it takes place 60 and 70 years later in a contemporary 2000s setting.[3]
A remastered version titled BloodRayne 2: Terminal Cut was released on November 20, 2020, and later on PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Xbox One and Nintendo Switch as BloodRayne 2: ReVamped on November 18, 2021.[4]
Plot[edit]
The FMV opens with a flashback set shortly after the first game. Rayne is seen entering a library (called Blood Library), with a few Nazis inside. She finds that Brimstone members have been slaughtered and realizes her vampiric father Kagan is here, acting as an influential Nazi. Rayne rushes to confront him for revenge for her mother's rape and the murder of her family, and Kagan mocks Rayne by saying he does not recognize her, as he sired numerous offspring that way. He finds what he was looking for, called the Vesper Shard. Knowing Rayne still wants to kill him, he then brings Professor Trumain up from the floor, strangled by his own small intestine, but barely alive. Kagan knows that they know each other, and that Trumain "stole" yet another offspring from him. While Kagan mocks Rayne, Truman pulls out a detonator, first giving time for Rayne to run, then detonating the grenade, killing himself and seemingly taking Kagan with him.
Denied the pleasure of killing him herself, Rayne spends the 60 years after the war seeking out and destroying Kagan's offspring.[5] These offspring, Rayne's half-siblings, have banded together to form a group called the Cult of Kagan.[5] The Cult has created the Shroud, a substance that can render sun rays harmless to vampires, allowing them to surface at all times of the day, and which twists nature into a nightmarish perversion [5] (trees dying almost instantly, grass catching on fire, corpses twitching). Using the Shroud, the Cult has pledged to create a new era of vampiric supremacy, continuing Kagan's legacy.
Rayne and her ally Severin find high ranking members of the Cult, who are responsible for hundreds of disappearances in a city. Rayne learns of their plot and defeats her ambitious half-sister Ferrill, the apparent leader of the cult. It is soon revealed that Kagan himself has long survived over the years and has come out of hiding. After Kagan has Ferrill dispatched, he sets about the plot to activate the Shroud, blocking out the sun and setting loose an army of vampires and demonic entities to destroy the city, making it his kingdom. Rayne again sets her sights on killing Kagan.
With Kagan's army having taken over the city, Rayne seeks out his tower to face him once and for all, fighting his army to get to him. A vengeful Ferrill makes an army of her own to usurp Kagan. After Rayne dispatches the last of her half-siblings, she confronts Kagan in his throne room, with Kagan mocking her one last time about the effort he took to create her. A fight ensues and Rayne kills her father, avenging her family.
Despite Kagan's death, the vampires still plague the city, and Severin suggests that Rayne should run it now. Brimestone declares martial law to rescue the surviving humans, cracking down hard on all vampires and more vampire overlords setting their sights on the city.
Development[edit]
The game was developed by a team of around 20 people.[6]
Reception[edit]
ReceptionAggregate score Aggregator Score PC PS2 Xbox Metacritic 67/100[22] 70/100[23] 71/100[24] Review scores Publication Score PC PS2 Xbox Computer Games Magazine 
[7]N/A N/A Computer Gaming World [8]N/A N/A Electronic Gaming Monthly N/A 6.33/10[9] 6.33/10[9] Eurogamer N/A N/A 5/10[10] Game Informer N/A 8/10[11] 8/10[11] GamePro N/A [12][12]GameSpot 6/10[13] 7.3/10[14] 7.3/10[14] GameSpy N/A [15][15]GameZone N/A N/A 8.2/10[16] IGN 6.8/10[17] 8/10[18] 8/10[18] Official U.S. PlayStation Magazine N/A [19]N/A Official Xbox Magazine (US) N/A N/A 7.2/10[20] PC Gamer (US) 70%[21] N/A N/A BloodRayne 2 received "average" reviews on all platforms, according to the review aggregation website Metacritic.[22][23][24]
References[edit]
- ^ Adams, David (October 13, 2004). "The Sexy Girl Bites". IGN. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
- ^ Adams, David (August 2, 2005). "BloodRayne 2 Bares Fangs at Retail". IGN. Retrieved March 17, 2023.
- ^ Saltzman, Marc (October 22, 2002). "BloodRayne". The Times Herald. Retrieved August 29, 2021 – via Newspapers.com.
- ^ Lada, Jenni (September 16, 2021). "BloodRayne 1 and 2 ReVamped PS4 and Switch Announced". Siliconera. Archived from the original on September 16, 2021. Retrieved September 16, 2021.
- ^ a b c "BloodRayne Storyline". BloodRayne 2. Majesco Sales. Archived from the original on June 20, 2007.
- ^ "BloodRayne 2 Q&A". armchairempire.com. February 7, 2004. Archived from the original on June 24, 2006. Retrieved January 28, 2024.
- ^ "BloodRayne 2". Computer Games Magazine. No. 180. theGlobe.com. November 2005. p. 72.
- ^ Gladstone, Darren (October 2005). "BloodRayne 2" (PDF). Computer Gaming World. No. 255. Ziff Davis. p. 80. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b EGM staff (December 25, 2004). "BloodRayne 2 (PS2, Xbox)". Electronic Gaming Monthly. No. 186. Ziff Davis. p. 106.
- ^ Martin, Matt (February 21, 2006). "BloodRayne 2 (Xbox)". Eurogamer. Gamer Network. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Miller, Matt (November 2004). "Bloodrayne 2 [sic] (PS2, Xbox) [score mislabeled as "9/10"]". Game Informer. No. 139. GameStop. p. 147. Archived from the original on February 7, 2008. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Clockwork Crow (October 13, 2004). "BloodRayne 2 (PS2, Xbox)". GamePro. IDG Entertainment. Archived from the original on February 12, 2005. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ Navarro, Alex (August 23, 2005). "BloodRayne 2 Review (PC)". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Navarro, Alex (October 13, 2004). "BloodRayne 2 Review (PS2, Xbox) [date mislabeled as "October 14, 2004"]". GameSpot. CBS Interactive. Retrieved October 28, 2019.
- ^ a b Fischer, Russ (October 27
Inverted Dimension
Inverted Dimension theme by StraightShoota67
Download: InvertedDimension.p3t
(3 backgrounds)
P3T Unpacker v0.12
Copyright (c) 2007. Anoop MenonThis program unpacks Playstation 3 Theme files (.p3t) so that you can touch-up an existing theme to your likings or use a certain wallpaper from it (as many themes have multiple). But remember, if you use content from another theme and release it, be sure to give credit!
Download for Windows: p3textractor.zip
Instructions:
Download p3textractor.zip from above. Extract the files to a folder with a program such as WinZip or WinRAR. Now there are multiple ways to extract the theme.
The first way is to simply open the p3t file with p3textractor.exe. If you don’t know how to do this, right click the p3t file and select Open With. Alternatively, open the p3t file and it will ask you to select a program to open with. Click Browse and find p3textractor.exe from where you previously extracted it to. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename]. After that, all you need to do for any future p3t files is open them and it will extract.
The second way is very simple. Just drag the p3t file to p3textractor.exe. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename].
For the third way, first put the p3t file you want to extract into the same folder as p3textractor.exe. Open CMD and browse to the folder with p3extractor.exe. Enter the following:
p3textractor filename.p3t [destination path]Replace filename with the name of the p3t file, and replace [destination path] with the name of the folder you want the files to be extracted to. A destination path is not required. By default it will extract to extracted.filename.Microdot Mac
Microdot Mac theme by Microdot
Download: MicrodotMac.p3t
(no backgrounds)
P3T Unpacker v0.12
Copyright (c) 2007. Anoop MenonThis program unpacks Playstation 3 Theme files (.p3t) so that you can touch-up an existing theme to your likings or use a certain wallpaper from it (as many themes have multiple). But remember, if you use content from another theme and release it, be sure to give credit!
Download for Windows: p3textractor.zip
Instructions:
Download p3textractor.zip from above. Extract the files to a folder with a program such as WinZip or WinRAR. Now there are multiple ways to extract the theme.
The first way is to simply open the p3t file with p3textractor.exe. If you don’t know how to do this, right click the p3t file and select Open With. Alternatively, open the p3t file and it will ask you to select a program to open with. Click Browse and find p3textractor.exe from where you previously extracted it to. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename]. After that, all you need to do for any future p3t files is open them and it will extract.
The second way is very simple. Just drag the p3t file to p3textractor.exe. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename].
For the third way, first put the p3t file you want to extract into the same folder as p3textractor.exe. Open CMD and browse to the folder with p3extractor.exe. Enter the following:
p3textractor filename.p3t [destination path]Replace filename with the name of the p3t file, and replace [destination path] with the name of the folder you want the files to be extracted to. A destination path is not required. By default it will extract to extracted.filename.Artificial Intelligence Black
Artificial Intelligence Black theme by StraightShoota67
Download: ArtificialIntelligenceBlack.p3t
(3 backgrounds)
P3T Unpacker v0.12
Copyright (c) 2007. Anoop MenonThis program unpacks Playstation 3 Theme files (.p3t) so that you can touch-up an existing theme to your likings or use a certain wallpaper from it (as many themes have multiple). But remember, if you use content from another theme and release it, be sure to give credit!
Download for Windows: p3textractor.zip
Instructions:
Download p3textractor.zip from above. Extract the files to a folder with a program such as WinZip or WinRAR. Now there are multiple ways to extract the theme.
The first way is to simply open the p3t file with p3textractor.exe. If you don’t know how to do this, right click the p3t file and select Open With. Alternatively, open the p3t file and it will ask you to select a program to open with. Click Browse and find p3textractor.exe from where you previously extracted it to. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename]. After that, all you need to do for any future p3t files is open them and it will extract.
The second way is very simple. Just drag the p3t file to p3textractor.exe. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename].
For the third way, first put the p3t file you want to extract into the same folder as p3textractor.exe. Open CMD and browse to the folder with p3extractor.exe. Enter the following:
p3textractor filename.p3t [destination path]Replace filename with the name of the p3t file, and replace [destination path] with the name of the folder you want the files to be extracted to. A destination path is not required. By default it will extract to extracted.filename.Haze #4
Haze theme by AzuNiTe
Download: Haze_4.p3t
(1 background)
Part of a series on Pollution 
Haze over the Mojave Desert from a brush fire in Santa Barbara, California, seen as the Sun descends on the 2016 June solstice, allows the Sun to be photographed without a filter. 
Bushfire haze in Sydney, Australia 
Haze as smoke pollution over the Mojave from fires in the Inland Empire, June 2016, demonstrates the loss of contrast to the Sun, and the landscape in general. 
Haze causing red sky, due to the scattering of light on smoke particles, also known as Rayleigh scattering during Mexico's forest fire season 
Haze in Monterrey, Mexico, during grassland fires Haze is traditionally an atmospheric phenomenon in which dust, smoke, and other dry particulates suspended in air obscure visibility and the clarity of the sky. The World Meteorological Organization manual of codes includes a classification of particulates causing horizontal obscuration into categories of fog, ice fog, steam fog, mist, haze, smoke, volcanic ash, dust, sand, and snow.[1] Sources for particles that cause haze include farming (ploughing in dry weather), traffic, industry, windy weather, volcanic activity and wildfires. Seen from afar (e.g. an approaching airplane) and depending on the direction of view with respect to the Sun, haze may appear brownish or bluish, while mist tends to be bluish grey instead. Whereas haze often is considered a phenomenon occurring in dry air, mist formation is a phenomenon in saturated, humid air. However, haze particles may act as condensation nuclei that leads to the subsequent vapor condensation and formation of mist droplets; such forms of haze are known as "wet haze".
In meteorological literature, the word haze is generally used to denote visibility-reducing aerosols of the wet type suspended in the atmosphere. Such aerosols commonly arise from complex chemical reactions that occur as sulfur dioxide gases emitted during combustion are converted into small droplets of sulfuric acid when exposed. The reactions are enhanced in the presence of sunlight, high relative humidity, and an absence of air flow (wind). A small component of wet-haze aerosols appear to be derived from compounds released by trees when burning, such as terpenes. For all these reasons, wet haze tends to be primarily a warm-season phenomenon. Large areas of haze covering many thousands of kilometers may be produced under extensive favorable conditions each summer.
Air pollution[edit]
Haze often occurs when suspended dust and smoke particles accumulate in relatively dry air. When weather conditions block the dispersal of smoke and other pollutants they concentrate and form a usually low-hanging shroud that impairs visibility and may become a respiratory health threat if excessively inhaled. Industrial pollution can result in dense haze, which is known as smog.
Since 1991, haze has been a particularly acute problem in Southeast Asia. The main source of the haze has been smoke from fires occurring in Sumatra and Borneo which dispersed over a wide area. In response to the 1997 Southeast Asian haze, the ASEAN countries agreed on a Regional Haze Action Plan (1997) as an attempt to reduce haze. In 2002, all ASEAN countries signed the Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution, but the pollution is still a problem there today. Under the agreement, the ASEAN secretariat hosts a co-ordination and support unit.[2] During the 2013 Southeast Asian haze, Singapore experienced a record high pollution level, with the 3-hour Pollutant Standards Index reaching a record high of 401.[3]
In the United States, the Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments (IMPROVE) program was developed as a collaborative effort between the US EPA and the National Park Service in order to establish the chemical composition of haze in National Parks and establish air pollution control measures in order to restore the visibility of the air to pre-industrial levels.[4] Additionally, the Clean Air Act requires that any current visibility problems be addressed and remedied, and future visibility problems be prevented, in 156 Class I Federal areas located throughout the United States. A full list of these areas is available on EPA's website.[5]
In addition to the severe health issues caused by haze from air pollution, dust storm particles, and bush fire smoke, reduction in irradiance is the most dominant impact of these sources of haze and a growing issue for photovoltaic production as the solar industry grows.[6] Smog also lowers agricultural yield and it has been proposed that pollution controls could increase agricultural production in China.[7] These effects are negative for both sides of agrivoltaics (the combination of photovoltaic electricity production and food from agriculture).
International disputes[edit]
Transboundary haze[edit]
Haze is no longer just a confined as a domestic problem. It has become one of the causes of international disputes among neighboring countries. Haze can migrate to adjacent countries in the path of wind and thereby pollutes other countries as well, even if haze does not first manifest there. One of the most recent problems occur in Southeast Asia which largely affects the nations of Indonesia, Malaysia and Singapore. In 2013, due to forest fires in Indonesia, Kuala Lumpur and surrounding areas became shrouded in a pall of noxious fumes dispersed from Indonesia, that brings a smell of ash and coal for more than a week, in the country's worst environmental crisis since 1997.
The main sources of the haze are Indonesia's Sumatra Island, Indonesian areas of Borneo, and Riau, where farmers, plantation owners and miners have set hundreds of fires in the forests to clear land during dry weather. Winds blew most of the particulates and fumes across the narrow Strait of Malacca to Malaysia, although parts of Indonesia in the path are also affected.[8] The 2015 Southeast Asian haze was another major crisis of air quality, although there were occasions such as the 2006 and 2019 haze which were less impactful than the three major Southeast Asian haze of 1997, 2013 and 2015.
Obscuration[edit]
Haze causes issues in the area of terrestrial photography and imaging, where the penetration of large amounts of dense atmosphere may be necessary to image distant subjects. This results in the visual effect of a loss of contrast in the subject, due to the effect of light scattering and reflection through the haze particles. For these reasons, sunrise and sunset colors and possibly the sun itself appear subdued on hazy days, and stars may be obscured by haze at night. In some cases, attenuation by haze is so great that, toward sunset, the sun disappears altogether before even reaching the horizon.[9]
Haze can be defined as an aerial form of the Tyndall effect therefore unlike other atmospheric effects such as cloud, mist and fog, haze is spectrally selective in accordance to the electromagnetic spectrum: shorter (blue) wavelengths are scattered more, and longer (red/infrared) wavelengths are scattered less. For this reason, many super-telephoto lenses often incorporate yellow light filters or coatings to enhance image contrast.[10] Infrared (IR) imaging may also be used to penetrate haze over long distances, with a combination of IR-pass optical filters and IR-sensitive detectors at the intended destination.
See also[edit]
- Arctic haze
- ASEAN Agreement on Transboundary Haze Pollution
- Asian brown cloud
- Asian Dust
- Coefficient of haze
- Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution
- Fog
- Mist
- Saharan Air Layer
- Southeast Asian haze
- Smog
- Trail Smelter dispute
Notes[edit]
- ^ "WMO Manual on Codes" (PDF). [dead link]
- ^ ASEAN action hazeonline Archived 2005-02-05 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ "Singapore haze hits record high from Indonesia fires". BBC News. 21 June 2013. Retrieved 19 January 2014.
- ^ "Improve – Interagency Monitoring of Protected Visual Environments". vista.cira.colostate.edu.
- ^ "Federal Class 1 Areas".
- ^ Sadat, Seyyed Ali; Hoex, Bram; Pearce, Joshua M. (2022). "A Review of the Effects of Haze on Solar Photovoltaic Performance". Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. 167: 112796. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2022.1127
Nightmare Before Christmas
Nightmare Before Christmas theme by Ali4Chris
Download: NightmareBeforeXmas.p3t
(3 backgrounds)
Redirect to:
Frost Shadow
Frost Shadow theme by Sir Unimaginative and the Fractalhedron
Download: FrostShadow.p3t
(no backgrounds)
P3T Unpacker v0.12
Copyright (c) 2007. Anoop MenonThis program unpacks Playstation 3 Theme files (.p3t) so that you can touch-up an existing theme to your likings or use a certain wallpaper from it (as many themes have multiple). But remember, if you use content from another theme and release it, be sure to give credit!
Download for Windows: p3textractor.zip
Instructions:
Download p3textractor.zip from above. Extract the files to a folder with a program such as WinZip or WinRAR. Now there are multiple ways to extract the theme.
The first way is to simply open the p3t file with p3textractor.exe. If you don’t know how to do this, right click the p3t file and select Open With. Alternatively, open the p3t file and it will ask you to select a program to open with. Click Browse and find p3textractor.exe from where you previously extracted it to. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename]. After that, all you need to do for any future p3t files is open them and it will extract.
The second way is very simple. Just drag the p3t file to p3textractor.exe. It will open CMD and extract the theme to extracted.[filename].
For the third way, first put the p3t file you want to extract into the same folder as p3textractor.exe. Open CMD and browse to the folder with p3extractor.exe. Enter the following:
p3textractor filename.p3t [destination path]Replace filename with the name of the p3t file, and replace [destination path] with the name of the folder you want the files to be extracted to. A destination path is not required. By default it will extract to extracted.filename.
