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| Jeep Grand Cherokee | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Overview | |
| Manufacturer | Jeep[a] |
| Production | 1992–present |
| Model years | 1993–present |
| Body and chassis | |
| Class |
|
| Body style | 5-door SUV |
| Layout | |
| Chassis | Unibody |
The Jeep Grand Cherokee is a range of mid-size SUVs produced by the American manufacturer Jeep.[1] At its introduction, while most SUVs were still manufactured with body-on-frame construction, the Grand Cherokee has used a unibody chassis from the start.[2]
Development[edit]
The Grand Cherokee's origins date back to 1983 when American Motors Corporation (AMC) was designing a successor to the Jeep Cherokee.[3] Three outside (non-AMC) designers—Larry Shinoda, Alain Clenet, and Giorgetto Giugiaro—were also under contract with AMC to create and build a clay model of the Cherokee XJ replacement, then known as the "XJC" project.[4] However, the basic design for the Cherokee's replacement was well under way by AMC's in-house designers and the 1989 Jeep Concept 1 show car foretold the basic design.[5]
As AMC began the development of the next Jeep in 1985, management created a business process that is now known as product lifecycle management (PLM).[6] According to François Castaing, Vice President for Product Engineering and Development, the smallest U.S. automaker was looking for a way to speed up its product development process to compete better against its larger competitors.[7] The XJC's development was aided by computer-aided design (CAD) software systems making the engineers more productive. Meanwhile, new communication systems allowed potential conflicts to be resolved faster, thus reducing costly engineering changes, because all drawings and documents were in a central database.[7] The system was so effective that after Chrysler purchased AMC in 1987, it expanded the system throughout its enterprise, thus connecting everyone involved in designing and building products.[7]
The Grand Cherokee thus became the first Chrysler-badged Jeep product. Development work for the new Jeep model continued and Chrysler's employees (after the 1987 buyout of AMC) were eager for a late-1980s release date; however, CEO Lee Iacocca was pushing for redesigned Chrysler minivans, thus delaying the Grand Cherokee's release until late 1992[8] as an Explorer competitor. Unlike the Explorer, the Grand Cherokee utilized monocoque (unibody) construction, whereas the Explorer was a derivative of the Ranger pickup with a separate body-on-frame. A Dodge-branded version was designed as a precaution should Jeep dealers struggle to handle so many Grand Cherokee units.[9]
The Grand Cherokee debuted in grand fashion at the 1992 North American International Auto Show in Detroit, Michigan. The vehicle that was driven was a Poppy Red Clear Coat 1993 Grand Cherokee ZJ Laredo with a quartz cloth interior and high-back bucket seats. Then Chrysler president Robert Lutz drove Detroit mayor, Coleman Young, from the Jefferson North Assembly Plant on North Jefferson Avenue via a police escort to Cobo Hall, up the steps of Cobo Hall and through a plate glass window to show off the new vehicle.[10] Sales of the 1993 model year Grand Cherokee began in April 1992.[11]
Production of the Grand Cherokee started shortly afterward in the purpose-built Jefferson North Assembly in Detroit, Michigan. European Grand Cherokees are manufactured in Austria by Magna Steyr.[12] The Grand Cherokee "played a significant part in reviving Chrysler's fortunes by moving it into the then-nascent market for high-margin sports utility vehicles."[13]
Upon its introduction, it was the first full-scale manufacture of an automobile in the US using HFC-134a refrigerant in place of HCFC-12 for the HVAC system.[14]
First generation (ZJ; 1993)[edit]
The original Grand Cherokee was launched in 1992 as a 1993 model year vehicle in the luxury SUV segment. The "ZJ" models, manufactured from 1992 until 1998, originally came in three trim levels: base (also known as SE), Laredo, and Limited, subsequent trims were added, including Orvis (MY 95–98) and TSI (MY97–98). The base model included features such as full instrumentation, a cloth interior, and a standard five-speed manual transmission, while gaining the moniker "SE" name for the 1994 model year. Power windows and locks were not standard equipment on the base trim. The minimal price tag differential resulted in low consumer demand, and as a result, the low-line model was eventually discontinued. Additional standard features included a driver-side airbag and a four-wheel anti-lock braking system (ABS). The Laredo was the mid-scale model with standard features that included power windows, power door locks, cruise control, and a leather-wrapped steering wheel. Exterior features included medium-grey plastic paneling on the lower body and five-spoke alloy wheels. The Limited was the premium model, featuring body-color lower body paneling, and gold exterior accents. The Limited also boasted standard features such as leather seating, heated mirrors, front power seats, a keyless entry system, woodgrain interior appliqué, lace style alloy wheels, a driver information center with a compass, digitized climate control, an electrochromic rearview mirror, and Jensen brand stereo with multi-band equalizer. By 1996 the options list grew to include heated seats. Standard was the 4.0 L engine, with the 5.2 L V8 (and 5.9 L in 1998) being optional, as with other models. Package groups with various trim levels included: fog lamps, and skid plates, as well as convenience, lighting, luxury, power, security, and trailer towing packages.
When it was first introduced in April 1992 as an early 1993 model year vehicle, the Grand Cherokee only had one powertrain choice: the 4.0 L AMC-derived straight-six engine that made 190 horsepower (193 PS; 142 kW). This became the "volume" engine for the Grand Cherokee. Transmission choices included a four-speed automatic transmission (early production ZJs used the AW4—the A500SE (later 42RE) replaced the AW4 during the latter half of the 1993 model year) or an Aisin AX15 manual transmission. Low demand for the manual transmission resulted in its discontinuation after 1994, but European-market ZJs retained it when coupled to the diesel engine (which was unavailable in North America). The drive train choices included rear-wheel drive or four-wheel-drive. In 1995, the engine's rating was reduced by 5 horsepower (5 PS; 4 kW) to 185 horsepower (188 PS; 138 kW) due to new EPA regulations starting with the 1996 model year.
In 1997, for the 1998 model year, a variant of the top-level Grand Cherokee Limited, the "5.9 Limited" was introduced. Jeep ads claimed it to be the "world's fastest sport utility vehicle", verified by third-party testing. The primary improvements in the 5.9 Limited version included a 245-horsepower (248 PS; 183 kW) 5.9 L OHV V8 engine, heavy-duty 46RE automatic transmission, functional heat-extracting hood louvers, unique wide-slot body-colored grille with mesh inserts, special rocker moldings, low-restriction exhaust with three-inch chrome tip, a low-profile roof rack, and special 16" Ultra-Star wheels. The 5.9 Limited also received a 150 amp alternator and a 2-speed electric cooling fan. Other features include a standard 180-watt, 10-speaker Infinity Gold sound system with a rear roof-mounted soundbar, standard sunroof, and an interior swaddled with unique "calf's nap" soft leather and faux wood trim. The 5.9 Limited was awarded "4×4 of the Year" for 1998 by Petersen's 4-Wheel & Off-Road magazine. The production of this model was 14,286 units.
Export models produced at the plant in Graz, Austria, were given the vehicle designation of "ZG".
Engines[edit]
| Years | Engine | Displacement | Power | Torque | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1992–1995 | 4.0 L Straight-6 | 242 CID | 190 hp (193 PS; 142 kW) | 225 lb⋅ft (305 N⋅m; 31 kg⋅m) | |
| 1995–1998 | 4.0 L Straight-6 | 242 CID | 185 hp (188 PS; 138 kW) | 220 lb⋅ft (298 N⋅m; 30 kg⋅m) | new emission standards introduced |
| 1992–1994 | 5.2 L V8 | 318 CID | 220 hp (223 PS; 164 kW) | 285 lb⋅ft (386 N⋅m; 39 kg⋅m) | |
| 1994–1998 | 5.2 L V8 | 318 CID | 220 hp (223 PS; 164 kW) | 300 lb⋅ft (407 N⋅m; 41 kg⋅m) | |
| 1995–1998 | 2.5 L TURBO DIESEL | VM Motori/Detroit Diesel | 115 hp (86 kW; 117 PS) | 221 lb⋅ft (300 N⋅m; 31 kg⋅m) | Not Available in North America |
| 1998 | 5.9 L V8 | 360 CID | 245 hp (248 PS; 183 kW) | 345 lb⋅ft (468 N⋅m; 48 kg⋅m) |
Production numbers[edit]
| Model[15] | 1993 | 1994 | 1995 | 1996 | 1997 | 1998 | Total |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZJ Grand Cherokee | 250,143 | 257,557 | 290,132 | 299,726 | 277,789 | 271,841 | 1,647,188 |
Second generation (WJ/WG; 1999)[edit]
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Launched in September 1998, the redesigned WJ 1999 Grand Cherokee shared just 127 parts with its predecessor (mostly fasteners). The European model was coded WG. The spare tire was relocated from the side of the cargo compartment to under the floor. (Like the 1998MY ZJ, the rear tailgate glass opened separately.) The two heavy pushrod V8 engines were replaced by Chrysler's then-new PowerTech. The new V8 engine produced less torque than the old pushrods, but was lighter, offered better fuel economy, and provided similar on-road performance figures (the 23-US-gallon (87 L; 19 imp gal) fuel tank was replaced with one of a 20.5-US-gallon (78 L; 17.1 imp gal) capacity). The straight-six engine was also updated. A redesign of the intake manifold added 10 horsepower (10 PS; 7 kW). While other Jeep vehicles used the Mopar 5 × 4.5 bolt circle, this was the first Jeep following the 1987 Chrysler buyout to receive a wider bolt pattern—5 × 5.
A notable feature available in this generation was the automatic four-wheel drive option called Quadra-Drive, which employed the New Venture Gear NV247 transfer case. This two-speed chain-driven transfer case uses a gerotor, a clutch pack coupled to a hydraulic pump, to transfer torque between the front and rear axles. The transfer case contains three modes, 4-All Time, Neutral, and 4-Lo. In 4-All Time, 100% of torque is sent to the rear axle in normal conditions. If the rear axle starts spinning at a higher rate than the front axle, hydraulic pressure builds up in the gerotor and causes the clutch pack to progressively transfer torque to the front axle until both axles return to the same speed. A neutral mode is intended for towing the vehicle. In 4-Lo, the front and rear axles are locked together through a 2.72 reduction gear ratio. The NV247 transfer case is mated to front and rear axles containing Jeep's Vari-Lok differentials. Vari-Lok differentials also use a gerotor to transfer torque between the wheels on either side of the axle. The major advantage of Quadra-Drive was that the combined transfer case and progressive locking differentials in each axle could automatically control traction between all four wheels. However, only the center differential could be permanently locked, and only in 4Lo. The Quadra-Trac II system included the NV247 transfer case with the standard open front and rear differentials.
The 45RFE and 545RFE automatic transmission in the WJ was notable. It included three planetary gear sets rather than the two normally used in a four-speed automatic. This gave it six theoretical speeds, and it would have been the first six-speed transmission ever produced in volume, but it was programmed to only use five of these ratios. Four were used for upshifts, with a different second gear for downshifts. Although five of the six ratios were used, Chrysler decided to call it a "4-speed automatic". For MY 2001, the programming was changed to make use of all six ratios. Rather than have six forward gears, the transmission was programmed to act as a five-speed with the alternate second gear for downshifts. The rpm at 70 miles per hour (110 km/h) on a 545RFE is 2,000 rpm, 200 rpm less than the 45RFE programming. 1999 and 2000 model-year WJ owners can have their 45RFE transmission's programming flashed to enable the extra gear as both transmissions are physically the same. (Must purchase new PCM and ABS module and program them with a fake VIN to make this work.) The 42RE 4-speed automatic remained the transmission for the inline 6 engine. It had slight changes from the previous model Grand Cherokee.
The interior was also completely redesigned. The redesign allowed for larger rear doors, and more space for rear passengers. Controls for various items like headlights, heated seats, and rear wiper were moved to more convenient locations. The electronic Vehicle Information center was moved from below the radio to above the windshield and was standard on 2000–2004 models. Limited models included automatic dual-zone climate control. A 10-CD changer was also available with the Infinity Audio package.
In addition to Jeep's UniFrame construction, Daimler Chrysler partnered with Porsche to further strengthen the frame.[citation needed] This was done to reduce Noise Vibration Harshness (NVH). UniFrame is an unusual construction scheme, it incorporates all of the strength and durability of a body-on-frame construction into a unitized construction. By adding stiffness and rigidity to the structure, they enhanced the ride and strengthened the network of steel beams, rails and pillars (or "safety cage") that surround and protect occupants. More than 70 percent of the underbody is high-strength steel. All Jeep Grand Cherokees feature UniFrame construction.
The Grand Cherokee received a minor facelift for 2004 including round fog lamps, a lower front fascia, and a new body color-matched inset grille design.
Export models produced at the plant in Graz, Austria, were given the vehicle designation of "WG".
Engines[edit]
| Model years | Engine | Displacement | Power | Torque | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1999–2002 | 3.1 L turbodiesel straight-5 | 3.1 liters (189 CID) | 140 hp (142 PS; 104 kW) | 271 lb⋅ft (367 N⋅m; 37 kg⋅m) | Not available in North America, manufactured by VM Motori |
| 1999–2004 (1999–2005 outside North America) | 4.0 L straight-6 | 4.0 liters (242 CID) | 195 hp (198 PS; 145 kW) | 230 lb⋅ft (312 N⋅m; 32 kg⋅m) | |
| 1999–2004 (1999–2005 outside North America) | 4.7 L V8 | 4.7 liters (287 CID) | 235 hp (238 PS; 175 kW) | 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m; 41 kg⋅m) | |
| 2002–2005 | 2.7 L CRD diesel straight-5 | 2.7 liters (165 CID) | 163 hp (165 PS; 122 kW) | 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m; 41 kg⋅m) | Not available in North America, manufactured by Mercedes-Benz |
| 2002–2004 (2002–2005 outside North America) | 4.7 L "High Output" V8 | 4.7 liters (287 CID) | 265 hp (269 PS; 198 kW) | 325 lb⋅ft (441 N⋅m; 45 kg⋅m) |
Third generation (WK; 2005)[edit]
The WK Grand Cherokee debuted in 2004 for the 2005 model year at the 2004 New York International Auto Show with available Quadra-Drive II four-wheel drive, rear-seat DVD player and optional 5.7 L Hemi V8. The 3.7 L V6 engine replaced the 4.0 L straight-6. A Mercedes-Benz-sourced 3.0 L V6 Common Rail Diesel (CRD) was available outside of North America from launch.
Jeep replaced the XJ-era leading-arms live-axle front suspension (found in the ZJ and WJ) with an independent double-wishbone setup like that which debuted in the 2002 Liberty. Classed as a truck-based SUV, the WH/WK Grand Cherokee offers "crossover" refinement, capability, and NVH.
The 2007 Jeep Grand Cherokee made its European debut at the Euro Camp Jeep in Ardèche, France. This Jeep has gained 4 stars in the Euro NCAP crash safety tests conducted in 2005.
The Grand Cherokee received a minor facelift for 2008 with revised headlights and available High-Intensity Discharge (HID) Headlamps with auto-leveling. The lower portion of the front bumper was still removable as it was from launch to increase the approach angle for off-road use. The 4.7 L was refined, now producing 305 hp (227 kW; 309 PS), and 334 lb⋅ft (453 N⋅m; 46 kg⋅m).
The 2009 Jeep Grand Cherokee is available with an improved 5.7 L Hemi engine rated at 357 hp (362 PS; 266 kW) and 389 lb⋅ft (527 N⋅m; 53.8 kg⋅m) of torque. The engine uses variable valve timing to increase fuel economy.[16]
Engines[edit]
| Years | Engine | Displacement | Power | Torque | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2005–2010 | 3.7 L V6 | 225 CID (3,687 cc) | 215 hp (218 PS; 160 kW) | 235 lb⋅ft (319 N⋅m; 32 kg⋅m) | Base, Laredo, Laredo X, Limited |
| 2005–2007 | 4.7 L V8 | 287 CID (4,698 cc) | 230 hp (233 PS; 172 kW) | 295 lb⋅ft (400 N⋅m; 41 kg⋅m) | Laredo, Laredo X, Limited |
| 2008–2009 | 4.7 L V8 | 287 CID (4,698 cc) | 305 hp (309 PS; 227 kW) | 334 lb⋅ft (453 N⋅m; 46 kg⋅m) | Laredo, Laredo X, Limited |
| 2005–2008 | 5.7 L Hemi V8 | 345 CID (5,654 cc) | 325 hp (330 PS; 242 kW) | 369 lb⋅ft (500 N⋅m; 51 kg⋅m) | Laredo X, Limited, Overland |
| 2009–2010 | 5.7 L Hemi V8 | 345 CID (5,654 cc) | 357 hp (362 PS; 266 kW) | 389 lb⋅ft (527 N⋅m; 54 kg⋅m) | Laredo X, Limited, Overland |
| 2006–2010 | 6.1 L Hemi V8 | 370 CID (6,059 cc) | 420 hp (426 PS; 313 kW) | 420 lb⋅ft (569 N⋅m; 58 kg⋅m) | SRT8 |
| 2005–2010 Europe/ 2007–2009 North America | 3.0 L Mercedes-Benz OM642 V6 | 182 CID (2,988 cc) | 215 hp (218 PS; 160 kW) | 376 lb⋅ft (510 N⋅m; 52.0 kg⋅m) | CRD, Predator, Model S, Laredo X, Limited, Overland |
Fourth generation (WK2; 2011)[edit]
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The fourth-generation WK2 Grand Cherokee went on sale in summer 2010 as a 2011 model.[17] It was unveiled at the 2009 New York Auto Show.[18] In 2009, during its development, Chrysler management used it as an example of future products to convince United States, federal regulators of Chrysler's future viability, for the purpose of requesting a federal loan. This culminated in the Chrysler Chapter 11 reorganization that same year.
Like previous generations, the WK2 Grand Cherokee chassis is a steel unibody. Unlike previous generations, it features four-wheel independent suspension for better on-road handling. The WK2 and 2011 Durango use a Chrysler-designed and engineered platform/chassis that Mercedes-Benz later used for the Mercedes-Benz W166 series. The Chrysler-designed platform was part of the DaimlerChrysler engineering projects that were to launch the WK2 Grand Cherokee with the Mercedes-Benz ML to follow.
Engine choices include the all-new 3.6 L Pentastar V6 and 5.7 L Hemi V8. The Hemi V8 retains the Multiple Displacement System (MDS) that shuts down four cylinders in low-power driving situations. The V8 included a multi-speed automatic transmission featuring Electronic Range Selection (ERS) to manually limit the high gear operating range. Trailer towing is rated 7,400 pounds (3,357 kg) for Hemi models and 6,800 pounds (3,084 kg) for Pentastar models.[19] A 3.0 L turbocharged diesel V6 developed and built by Fiat Powertrain Technologies and VM Motori (with Multijet II injection[20]) rated at 177 kW (241 PS; 237 hp) and 550 N⋅m (406 lb⋅ft; 56 kg⋅m) of torque offered in export markets from mid-2011.[21] The new 3.0 L CRD turbodiesel engine is available in European markets as 140 kW (190 PS; 188 hp) low-power version.[22]
The new Grand Cherokee SRT8, which started production on July 16, 2011,[23] is equipped with a 470-horsepower (350 kW; 477 PS) 6.4 L Hemi V8 engine. Jeep claims the new SRT8 gets 13 percent better fuel economy than its predecessor.[citation needed]
For the 2022 model year, Jeep marketed the outgoing Grand Cherokee WK2 alongside the all-new Grand Cherokee WL model as the Grand Cherokee WK (not to be confused with the Grand Cherokee (WK), which was produced from 2005 until 2010). The lineup is condensed to base Laredo "E", mid-level Laredo "X", and range-topping Limited trims, with the only engine option being the base 3.6 L Pentastar V6 gasoline engine.[24]
Engines[edit]
| Years | Engine | Displacement | Power | Torque | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2011–2022 | 3.6 L Pentastar V6 | 220 CID (3,604 cc) | 295 hp (299 PS; 220 kW) | 260 lb⋅ft (353 N⋅m; 36 kg⋅m) | Laredo, Laredo E, Laredo X, Altitude, Limited, Sterling Edition, Trailhawk, Overland, High Altitude, Summit[25] |
| 2011–2021 | 5.7 L Hemi V8 | 345 CID (5,654 cc) | 360 hp (365 PS; 268 kW) | 390 lb⋅ft (529 N⋅m; 54 kg⋅m) | Laredo X (up to 2013), Altitude (up to 2013), Limited, Sterling Edition, Trailhawk, Overland, High Altitude, Summit[25] |
| 2012–2021 | 6.4 L Hemi V8 | 392 CID (6,417 cc) | 470 hp (477 PS; 350 kW) | 470 lb⋅ft (637 N⋅m; 65 kg⋅m) | SRT8, SRT[26] |
| 2018–2021 | 6.2 L supercharged Hemi V8 | 376 CID (6,166 cc) | 707 hp (717 PS; 527 kW) | 645 lb⋅ft (875 N⋅m; 89 kg⋅m) | Trackhawk[27] |
| 2011–2018 | 3.0 L CRD V6 | 182 CID (2,988 cc) | 140 kW (190 PS; 188 hp) | 440 N⋅m (325 lb⋅ft; 45 kg⋅m) | US-spec lower output to meet emission standards |
| 2014–2020 | 3.0 L CRD V6 | 182 CID (2,988 cc) | 179 kW (243 PS; 240 hp) | 569 N⋅m (420 lb⋅ft; 58 kg⋅m) | Available outside North America from launch. US-spec Limited, Overland, Summit[25] |
Fifth generation (WL; 2021)[edit]
| Fifth generation | |
|---|---|
_IMG_7791.jpg) 2022 Jeep Grand Cherokee (WL) | |
| Overview | |
| Model code |
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| Production | 2021–present |
| Model years | 2021–present (Grand Cherokee L) 2022–present (Grand Cherokee)[29] |
| Assembly |
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