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 Logo used since 2016 | |
 Headquarters in Kyoto, Japan | |
| Nintendo | |
Native name | 任天堂株式会社 |
Romanized name | Nintendō kabushiki gaisha |
| Formerly |
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| Company type | Public |
| |
| ISIN | JP3756600007 |
| Industry | |
| Founded | 23 September 1889 in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan |
| Founder | Fusajiro Yamauchi |
| Headquarters | 11–1 Kamitoba Hokodatecho, , Japan |
Area served | Worldwide |
Key people |
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| Products | List of products |
Production output |
|
| Brands | Video game series
|
| Services | |
| Revenue |  ¥1.601 trillion (US$13.923 billion) (2023) |
| ¥504.3 billion (US$3.678 billion) (2023) | |
| ¥432.7 billion (US$3.156 billion) (2023) | |
| Total assets |  ¥2.662 trillion (US$21.866 billion) (2023) |
| Total equity | ¥2.069 trillion (US$16.995 billion) (2023) |
| Owners | |
Number of employees | 7,724[a] (2024) |
| Divisions | |
| Subsidiaries | |
| Website | nintendo |
| Footnotes / references [3][4][5][6][7] | |
Nintendo Co., Ltd.[b] is a Japanese multinational video game company headquartered in Kyoto. It develops, publishes and releases both video games and video game consoles.
Nintendo was founded in 1889 as Nintendo Koppai[c] by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi and originally produced handmade hanafuda playing cards. After venturing into various lines of business during the 1960s and acquiring a legal status as a public company, Nintendo distributed its first console, the Color TV-Game, in 1977. It gained international recognition with the release of Donkey Kong in 1981 and the Nintendo Entertainment System and Super Mario Bros. in 1985.
Since then, Nintendo has produced some of the most successful consoles in the video game industry, such as the Game Boy, the Super Nintendo Entertainment System, the Nintendo DS, the Wii, and the Switch. It has created and/or published numerous major franchises, including Mario, Donkey Kong, The Legend of Zelda, Metroid, Fire Emblem, Kirby, Star Fox, Pokémon, Super Smash Bros., Animal Crossing, Xenoblade Chronicles, and Splatoon, and Nintendo's mascot, Mario, is internationally recognized. The company has sold more than 5.592 billion video games and over 836 million hardware units globally, as of March 2023.
Nintendo has multiple subsidiaries in Japan and abroad, in addition to business partners such as HAL Laboratory, Intelligent Systems, Game Freak, and The Pokémon Company. Nintendo and its staff have received awards including Emmy Awards for Technology & Engineering, Game Awards, Game Developers Choice Awards, and British Academy Games Awards. It is one of the wealthiest and most valuable companies in the Japanese market.
History[edit]
1889–1972: Early history[edit]
1889–1932: Origin as a playing card business[edit]
Nintendo was founded as Nintendo Koppai[d] on 23 September 1889[8] by craftsman Fusajiro Yamauchi in Shimogyō-ku, Kyoto, Japan, as an unincorporated establishment, to produce and distribute Japanese playing cards, or karuta (かるた, from Portuguese carta, 'card'), most notably hanafuda (花札, 'flower cards').[3][4][5][9][10][11] The name "Nintendo" is commonly assumed to mean "leave luck to heaven",[12][11] but the assumption lacks historical validation; it has also been suggested to mean "the temple of free hanafuda", but even descendants of Yamauchi do not know the true intended meaning of the name.[9] Hanafuda cards had become popular after Japan banned most forms of gambling in 1882, though tolerated hanafuda. Sales of hanafuda cards were popular with the yakuza-run gaming parlors in Kyoto. Other card manufacturers had opted to leave the market not wanting to be associated with criminal ties, but Yamauchi persisted without such fears to become the primary producer of hanafuda within a few years.[13] With the increase of the cards' popularity, Yamauchi hired assistants to mass-produce to satisfy the demand.[14] Even with a favorable start, the business faced financial struggle due to operating in a niche market, the slow and expensive manufacturing process, high product price, alongside long durability of the cards, which impacted sales due to the low replacement rate.[15] As a solution, Nintendo produced a cheaper and lower-quality line of playing cards, Tengu, while also conducting product offerings in other cities such as Osaka, where card game profits were high. In addition, local merchants were interested in the prospect of a continuous renewal of decks, thus avoiding the suspicions that reusing cards would generate.[16]
According to Nintendo, the business' first western-style card deck was put on the market in 1902,[4][5] although other documents postpone the date to 1907, shortly after the Russo-Japanese War.[17] Although the cards were initially meant for export, they quickly gained popularity not only abroad but also in Japan.[4][5] During this time, the business styled itself as Marufuku Nintendo Card Co.[18] The war created considerable difficulties for companies in the leisure sector, which were subject to new levies such as the Karuta Zei ("playing cards tax").[19] Nintendo subsisted and, in 1907, entered into an agreement with Nihon Senbai—later known as the Japan Tobacco—to market its cards to various cigarette stores throughout the country.[20] A Nintendo promotional calendar from the Taishō era dated to 1915 indicates that the business was named Yamauchi Nintendo[e] but still used the Marufuku Nintendo Co. brand for its playing cards.[21]
Japanese culture stipulated that for Nintendo to continue as a family business after Yamauchi's retirement, Yamauchi had to adopt his son-in-law so that he could take over the business. As a result, Sekiryo Kaneda adopted the Yamauchi surname in 1907 and headed the business in 1929. By that time, Nintendo was the largest playing card business in Japan.[22]
1933–1968: Incorporation, expansion, and diversification[edit]
In 1933, Sekiryo Kaneda established the company as a general partnership named Yamauchi Nintendo & Co., Ltd.[f][5] investing in the construction of a new corporate headquarters located next to the original building,[23] near the Toba-kaidō train station.[24] Because Sekiryo's marriage to Yamauchi's daughter produced no male heirs, he planned to adopt his son-in-law Shikanojo Inaba, an artist in the company's employ and the father of his grandson Hiroshi, born in 1927. However, Inaba abandoned his family and the company, so Hiroshi was made Sekiryo's eventual successor.[25]
World War II negatively impacted the company as Japanese authorities prohibited the diffusion of foreign card games, and as the priorities of Japanese society shifted, its interest in recreational activities waned. During this time, Nintendo was partly supported by a financial injection from Hiroshi's wife Michiko Inaba, who came from a wealthy family.[26] In 1947, Sekiryo founded the distribution company Marufuku Co., Ltd.[g] responsible for Nintendo's sales and marketing operations, which would eventually go on to become the present-day Nintendo Co., Ltd., in Higashikawara-cho, Imagumano, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto.[4][5][9]
In 1950, due to Sekiryo's deteriorating health,[27] Hiroshi Yamauchi assumed the presidency and headed manufacturing operations.[4][5] His first actions involved several important changes in the operation of the company: in 1951, he changed the company name to Nintendo Playing Card Co., Ltd.[h][4][5][28] and in the following year, he centralized the manufacturing facilities dispersed in Kyoto, which led to the expansion of the offices in Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto.[4][5][29] In 1953, Nintendo became the first company to succeed in mass-producing plastic playing cards in Japan.[4][5] Some of the company's employees, accustomed to a more cautious and conservative leadership, viewed the new measures with concern, and the rising tension led to a call for a strike. However, the measure had no major impact, as Hiroshi resorted to the dismissal of several dissatisfied workers.[30]
In 1959, Nintendo moved its headquarters to Kamitakamatsu-cho, Fukuine, Higashiyama-ku, Kyoto. The company entered into a partnership with The Walt Disney Company to incorporate its characters into playing cards, which opened it up to the children's market and resulted in a boost to Nintendo's playing card business.[4][5][28] Nintendo automated the production of Japanese playing cards using backing paper, and also developed a distribution system that allowed it to offer its products in toy stores.[4][23] By 1961, the company had established a Tokyo branch in Chiyoda, Tokyo,[4] and sold more than 1.5 million card packs, holding a high market share, for which it relied on televised advertising campaigns.[31] In 1962, Nintendo becam