Category: Games

Insomnia
Other names	Sleeplessness, trouble sleeping
Depiction of insomnia from the 14th century medical manuscript Tacuinum Sanitatis
Pronunciation	/ɪnˈsɒmniə/[1]
Specialty	Psychiatry, sleep medicine
Symptoms	Trouble sleeping, daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, depressed mood[1]
Complications	Motor vehicle collisions[1]
Causes	Unknown, psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, others[2]
Diagnostic method	Based on symptoms, sleep study[3]
Differential diagnosis	Delayed sleep phase disorder, restless leg syndrome, sleep apnea, psychiatric disorder[4]
Treatment	Sleep hygiene, cognitive behavioral therapy, sleeping pills[5][6][7]
Frequency	~20%[8][9][10]

Insomnia, also known as sleeplessness, is a sleep disorder where people have trouble sleeping.^[1] They may have difficulty falling asleep, or staying asleep for as long as desired.^[1][9][11] Insomnia is typically followed by daytime sleepiness, low energy, irritability, and a depressed mood.^[1] It may result in an increased risk of accidents of all kinds as well as problems focusing and learning.^[9] Insomnia can be short term, lasting for days or weeks, or long term, lasting more than a month.^[1] The concept of the word insomnia has two possibilities: insomnia disorder (ID) and insomnia symptoms, and many abstracts of randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews often underreport on which of these two possibilities the word insomnia refers to.^[12]

Insomnia can occur independently or as a result of another problem.^[2] Conditions that can result in insomnia include ADHD, psychological stress, chronic pain, heart failure, hyperthyroidism, heartburn, restless leg syndrome, menopause, certain medications, and drugs such as caffeine, nicotine, and alcohol.^[2][8] Other risk factors include working night shifts and sleep apnea.^[9] Diagnosis is based on sleep habits and an examination to look for underlying causes.^[3] A sleep study may be done to look for underlying sleep disorders.^[3] Screening may be done with two questions: "do you experience difficulty sleeping?" and "do you have difficulty falling or staying asleep?"^[9]

Although their efficacy as first line treatments is not unequivocally established,^[13] sleep hygiene and lifestyle changes are typically the first treatment for insomnia.^[5][7] Sleep hygiene includes a consistent bedtime, a quiet and dark room, exposure to sunlight during the day and regular exercise.^[7] Cognitive behavioral therapy may be added to this.^[6][14] While sleeping pills may help, they are sometimes associated with injuries, dementia, and addiction.^[5][6] These medications are not recommended for more than four or five weeks.^[6] The effectiveness and safety of alternative medicine is unclear.^[5][6]

Between 10% and 30% of adults have insomnia at any given point in time and up to half of people have insomnia in a given year.^[8][9][10] About 6% of people have insomnia that is not due to another problem and lasts for more than a month.^[9] People over the age of 65 are affected more often than younger people.^[7] Women are more often affected than men.^[8] Descriptions of insomnia occur at least as far back as ancient Greece.^[15]

Signs and symptoms[edit]

Symptoms of insomnia:^[17]

• Difficulty falling asleep, including difficulty finding a comfortable sleeping position
• Waking during the night, being unable to return to sleep and waking up early
• Not able to focus on daily tasks, difficulty in remembering
• Daytime sleepiness, irritability, depression or anxiety
• Feeling tired or having low energy during the day^[18]
• Trouble concentrating
• Being irritable, acting aggressive or impulsive

Sleep onset insomnia is difficulty falling asleep at the beginning of the night, often a symptom of anxiety disorders. Delayed sleep phase disorder can be misdiagnosed as insomnia, as sleep onset is delayed to much later than normal while awakening spills over into daylight hours.^[19]

It is common for patients who have difficulty falling asleep to also have nocturnal awakenings with difficulty returning to sleep. Two-thirds of these patients wake up in the middle of the night, with more than half having trouble falling back to sleep after a middle-of-the-night awakening.^[20]

Early morning awakening is an awakening occurring earlier (more than 30 minutes) than desired with an inability to go back to sleep, and before total sleep time reaches 6.5 hours. Early morning awakening is often a characteristic of depression.^[21] Anxiety symptoms may well lead to insomnia. Some of these symptoms include tension, compulsive worrying about the future, feeling overstimulated, and overanalyzing past events.^[22]

Poor sleep quality[edit]

Poor sleep quality can occur as a result of, for example, restless legs, sleep apnea or major depression. Poor sleep quality is defined as the individual not reaching stage 3 or delta sleep which has restorative properties.^[23]

Major depression leads to alterations in the function of the hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal axis, causing excessive release of cortisol which can lead to poor sleep quality.

Nocturnal polyuria, excessive night-time urination, can also result in a poor quality of sleep.^[24]

Subjectivity[edit]

Some cases of insomnia are not really insomnia in the traditional sense, because people experiencing sleep state misperception often sleep for a normal amount of time.^[25] The problem is that, despite sleeping for multiple hours each night and typically not experiencing significant daytime sleepiness or other symptoms of sleep loss, they do not feel like they have slept very much, if at all.^[25] Because their perception of their sleep is incomplete, they incorrectly believe it takes them an abnormally long time to fall asleep, and they underestimate how long they stay asleep.^[25]

Problematic digital media use[edit]

Causes[edit]

While insomnia can be caused by a number of conditions, it can also occur without any identifiable cause. This is known as Primary Insomnia.^[48] Primary Insomnia may also have an initial identifiable cause, but continues after the cause is no longer present. For example, a bout of insomnia may be triggered by a stressful work or life event. However the condition may continue after the stressful event has been resolved. In such cases, the insomnia is usually perpetuated by the anxiety or fear caused by the sleeplessness itself, rather than any external factors.^[49]

Symptoms of insomnia can be caused by or be associated with:

• Sleep breathing disorders, such as sleep apnea or upper airway resistance syndrome^[50]
• Use of psychoactive drugs (such as stimulants), including certain medications, herbs, caffeine, nicotine, cocaine, amphetamines, methylphenidate, aripiprazole, MDMA, modafinil, or excessive alcohol intake^[51]
• Use of or withdrawal from alcohol and other sedatives, such as anti-anxiety and sleep drugs like benzodiazepines^[51]
• Use of or withdrawal from pain-relievers such as opioids^[51]
• Heart disease^[52]
• Restless legs syndrome, which can cause sleep onset insomnia due to the discomforting sensations felt and the need to move the legs or other body parts to relieve these sensations^[53]
• Periodic limb movement disorder (PLMD), which occurs during sleep and can cause arousals of which the sleeper is unaware^[54]
• Pain:^[55] an injury or condition that causes pain can preclude an individual from finding a comfortable position in which to fall asleep, and can also cause awakening.
• Hormone shifts such as those that precede menstruation and those during menopause^[56]
• Life events such as fear, stress, anxiety, emotional or mental tension, work problems, financial stress, birth of a child, and bereavement^[53]
• Gastrointestinal issues such as heartburn or constipation^[57]
• Mental, neurobehavioral, or neurodevelopmental disorders such as bipolar disorder, clinical depression, generalized anxiety disorder, post traumatic stress disorder, schizophrenia, obsessive compulsive disorder, autism, dementia,^[58]: 326 ADHD,^[59] and FASD
• Disturbances of the circadian rhythm, such as shift work and jet lag, can cause an inability to sleep at some times of the day and excessive sleepiness at other times of the day. Chronic circadian rhythm disorders are characterized by similar symptoms.^[51]
• Certain neurological disorders such as brain lesions, or a history of traumatic brain injury^[60]
• Medical conditions such as hyperthyroidism^[2]
• Abuse of over-the-counter or prescription sleep aids (sedative or depressant drugs) can produce rebound insomnia^[51]
• Poor sleep hygiene, e.g., noise or over-consumption of caffeine^[51]
• A rare genetic condition can cause a prion-based, permanent and eventually fatal form of insomnia called fatal familial insomnia^[61]
• Physical exercise: exercise-induced insomnia is common in athletes in the form of prolonged sleep onset latency^[62]
• Increased exposure to the blue light from artificial sources, such as phones or computers^[63]
• Chronic pain^[64][65]
• Lower back pain^[65]
• Asthma^[65]

Sleep studies using polysomnography have suggested that people who have sleep disruption have elevated night-time levels of circulating cortisol and adrenocorticotropic hormone.^[66] They also have an elevated metabolic rate, which does not occur in people who do not have insomnia but whose sleep is intentionally disrupted during a sleep study. Studies of brain metabolism using positron emission tomography (PET) scans indicate that people with insomnia have higher metabolic rates by night and by day. The question remains whether these changes are the causes or consequences of long-term insomnia.^[67]

Genetics[edit]

Heritability estimates of insomnia vary between 38% in males to 59% in females.^[68] A genome-wide association study (GWAS) identified 3 genomic loci and 7 genes that influence the risk of insomnia, and showed that insomnia is highly polygenic.^[69] In particular, a strong positive association was observed for the MEIS1 gene in both males and females. This study showed that the genetic architecture of insomnia strongly overlaps with psychiatric disorders and metabolic traits.

It has been hypothesized that epigenetics might also influence insomnia through a controlling process of both sleep regulation and brain-stress response having an impact as well on the brain plasticity.^[70]

Substance-induced[edit]

Alcohol-induced[edit]

Alcohol is often used as a form of self-treatment of insomnia to induce sleep. However, alcohol use to induce sleep can be a cause of insomnia. Long-term use of alcohol is associated with a decrease in NREM stage 3 and 4 sleep as well as suppression of REM sleep and REM sleep fragmentation. Frequent moving between sleep stages occurs with; awakenings due to headaches, the need to urinate, dehydration, and excessive sweating. Glutamine rebound also plays a role as when someone is drinking; alcohol inhibits glutamine, one of the body's natural stimulants. When the person stops drinking, the body tries to make up for lost time by producing more glutamine than it needs. The increase in glutamine levels stimulates the brain while the drinker is trying to sleep, keeping them from reaching the deepest levels of sleep.^[71] Stopping chronic alcohol use can also lead to severe insomnia with vivid dreams. During withdrawal, REM sleep is typically exaggerated as part of a rebound effect.^[72]

Benzodiazepine-induced[edit]

Like alcohol, benzodiazepines, such as alprazolam, clonazepam, lorazepam, and diazepam, are commonly used to treat insomnia in the short-term (both prescribed and self-medicated), but worsen sleep in the long-term. While benzodiazepines can put people to sleep (i.e., inhibit NREM stage 1 and 2 sleep), while asleep, the drugs disrupt sleep architecture: decreasing sleep time, delaying time to REM sleep, and decreasing deep slow-wave sleep (the most restorative part of sleep for both energy and mood).^[73][74][75]

Opioid-induced[edit]

Opioid medications such as hydrocodone, oxycodone, and morphine are used for insomnia that is associated with pain due to their analgesic properties and hypnotic effects. Opioids can fragment sleep and decrease REM and stage 2 sleep. By producing analgesia and sedation, opioids may be appropriate in carefully selected patients with pain-associated insomnia.^[55] However, dependence on opioids can lead to long-term sleep disturbances.^[76]

Risk factors[edit]

Insomnia affects people of all age groups but people in the following groups have a higher chance of acquiring insomnia:^[77]

• Individuals older than 60
• History of mental health disorder including depression, etc.
• Emotional stress
• Working late night shifts
• Traveling through different time zones^[11]
• Having chronic diseases such as
  Posted on November 21, 2007January 7, 2008

  Grand Theft Auto IV

  Grand Theft Auto IV theme by Alex34130

  Download: GTA4.p3t

  
  (3 backgrounds)
  

  2008 video game

  2008 video game

  Grand Theft Auto IV
  Developer(s)	Rockstar North[a]
  Publisher(s)	Rockstar Games
  Producer(s)	Leslie Benzies
  Programmer(s)	Adam Fowler Alexander Roger Obbe Vermeij
  Artist(s)	Aaron Garbut
  Writer(s)	Dan Houser Rupert Humphries
  Composer(s)	Michael Hunter
  Series	Grand Theft Auto
  Engine	RAGE
  Platform(s)	PlayStation 3 Xbox 360 Windows
  Release	PlayStation 3, Xbox 360 WW: 29 April 2008 Windows NA: 2 December 2008 PAL: 3 December 2008
  Genre(s)	Action-adventure
  Mode(s)	Single-player, multiplayer

  Grand Theft Auto IV is a 2008 action-adventure game developed by Rockstar North and published by Rockstar Games. It is the sixth main entry in the Grand Theft Auto series, following 2004's Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas, and the eleventh entry overall. Set in the fictional Liberty City, based on New York City, the single-player story follows Eastern European war veteran Niko Bellic and his attempts to escape his past while under pressure from high-profile criminals. The open world design lets players freely roam Liberty City, consisting of three main islands, and the neighbouring state of Alderney, which is based on New Jersey.

  The game is played from a third-person perspective and its world is navigated on foot and by vehicle. Throughout the single-player mode, players control Niko Bellic. An online multiplayer mode is also included with the game, allowing up to 32 players to engage in both cooperative and competitive gameplay in a recreation of the single-player setting.^[b] Two expansion packs were later released for the game, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony, which both feature new plots that are interconnected with the main Grand Theft Auto IV storyline, and follow new protagonists.

  Development of Grand Theft Auto IV began soon after the release of San Andreas and was shared between many of Rockstar's studios worldwide. The game introduced a shift to a more realistic and detailed style and tone for the series. Unlike previous entries, Grand Theft Auto IV lacked a strong cinematic influence, as the team attempted an original approach to the story. As part of their research for the open world, the development team conducted extensive field research in New York, capturing over 100,000 photographs and several hours of video. The developers considered the world to be the most important element of the game; though not the largest map in the series, they considered it comparable in scope due to its verticality and level of detail. The budget climbed to over US$100 million, making it one of the most expensive video games to develop.

  Grand Theft Auto IV was released for the PlayStation 3 and Xbox 360 consoles in April 2008, and for Windows in December. Upon release, the game received critical acclaim, with praise particularly directed at the narrative and open-world design. Grand Theft Auto IV broke industry sales records and became the fastest-selling entertainment product in history at the time, earning US$310 million in its first day and US$500 million in its first week. Considered one of the most significant titles of the seventh generation of video games, and by many critics as one of the greatest video games of all time, it won year-end accolades, including Game of the Year awards from several gaming publications. It is among the best-selling video games with over 25 million copies sold by 2013. The game generated controversy, with criticism directed at the game's depiction of violence and players' ability to drink-drive. Its successor, Grand Theft Auto V, was released in September 2013.

  Gameplay[edit]

  Grand Theft Auto IV is an action-adventure game played from a third-person perspective.^[2] Players complete missions—linear scenarios with set objectives—to progress through the story. It is possible to have several active missions running at one time, as some require players to wait for further instructions or events. Outside of missions, players can freely roam the game's open world and complete optional side missions.^[3] Composed of the fictional city of Liberty City, the world is larger in area than most earlier Grand Theft Auto series entries.^[4] At the beginning of the game, players can only explore the first island—composed of Dukes and Broker—with all other islands unlocking as the story progresses.^[5]

  Players use melee attacks, firearms and explosives to fight enemies, and may run, jump, swim or use vehicles to navigate the game's world. There is a first-person perspective option when using vehicles. In combat, auto-aim and a cover system can be used as assistance against enemies. Should players take damage, their health meter can be fully regenerated by consuming food or drinks, using medical kits, or calling for paramedics.^[6] If players commit crimes, the game's law enforcement agencies may respond as indicated by a "wanted" meter in the head-up display (HUD). On the meter, the displayed stars indicate the current wanted level (for example, at the maximum six-star level, efforts by law enforcement to incapacitate players become very aggressive). Law enforcement officers will search for players who leave the wanted vicinity. The wanted meter enters a cool-down mode and eventually recedes when players are hidden from the officers' line of sight.^[7]

  

  The game's cover system allows players to move between cover, to fire blindly, aim freely, and target a specific enemy. Individual body parts can also be targeted.^[8] Melee attacks include additional moves, such as dodging, blocking, disarming an opponent and counter-attacking. Body armour can be used to absorb gunshots and explosive damage, but is used up in the process. When health is entirely depleted, gameplay stops, and players respawn at the nearest hospital.^[6]

  The single-player mode lets players control an Eastern European war veteran, Niko Bellic. During the story, Niko meets and befriends various new characters. They can then perform favours for Niko whenever he asks; for example, his cousin Roman, who owns a taxi service, can send one of his cabs to take Niko to any destination around the city. Cabs are always available during gameplay for quick travel to a destination. Throughout the course of the game, players are also faced with morality choices, which alter the storyline appropriately depending on the player's choice. While free roaming the game world, players may engage in context-specific activities such as bowling or darts. Other available activities include a vigilante mini-game, and in-game television programming.^[9][10][11] Niko has a cell phone for contacting friends and starting activities.^[12] The cell phone is also used to access the game's online multiplayer mode, and to enter cheat codes.^[13] To access the in-game Internet, which allows Niko to send and receive emails and set up prospective dates with potential girlfriends, Niko can use Internet cafés located around the city.^[14] The game also features a subway system, allowing players to quickly traverse through the game's world.^[15]

  The online multiplayer mode for Grand Theft Auto IV allows up to 32 players^[b] to freely roam across the map. Players decide which game mode they wish to play, including deathmatches and street races. Both cooperative and competitive game modes are available, split into ranked and unranked matches.^[16] For players to level up through ranks, in-game money has to be earned. The game also features a Free Mode, in which players have the entire map open to explore, with no end goal or mission to complete. Hosts of the game can control many variables, such as police presence, traffic, and weapons.^[17] The multiplayer mode was discontinued on Windows in 2020.^[18]

  Synopsis[edit]

  Setting[edit]

  Grand Theft Auto IV takes place in 2008, within a redesigned version of Liberty City. The design of the city focuses on a recreation of four of the boroughs of New York City: Broker (based on Brooklyn), Dukes (Queens), Bohan (The Bronx), and Algonquin (Manhattan). The setting also includes the neighbouring state of Alderney (based on New Jersey).^[19] Initially, bridges are locked down due to a terrorist threat, and police constantly pursue players if the bridges are crossed. The blockades are lifted as the story progresses, allowing the player to traverse between islands safely.

  Grand Theft Auto IV is set in the fictional "HD Universe", which mirrors and parodies the real world. The previous games formed fictional universes of their own,^[c] which despite having many similarities with the HD Universe, are considered to be different continuities. Hence, the Liberty City depicted in Grand Theft Auto IV is different from its previous renditions, and the game itself serves as a reboot for the series. The new timeline established by Grand Theft Auto IV would continue with two expansion packs, The Lost and Damned and The Ballad of Gay Tony, and a sequel, Grand Theft Auto V, as well as its online component, Grand Theft Auto Online.^[21][22][23] The handheld game Grand Theft Auto: Chinatown Wars is also considered part of the HD Universe, because it features the same map as Grand Theft Auto IV, except for Alderney.^[24]

  Plot[edit]

  Niko Bellic, an Eastern European ex-soldier,^[25] arrives in Liberty City aboard a cargo ship, the Platypus, to escape his criminal past, pursue the American Dream, and search for the man who betrayed his unit to an ambush during a war ten years prior. Reuniting with his cousin Roman, he discovers that his tales of riches were lies concealing his small, dirty apartment, unprofitable taxi company, gambling debts, and disputes with loan sharks. Niko begins assisting Roman with his problems, which leads him to make his first criminal contacts in the city. He befriends Yardies second-in-command Little Jacob and is forced to work for Vlad Glebov, Roman's Russian loan shark, whom Niko eventually kills upon learning he had slept with Roman's girlfriend, Mallorie.

  In retaliation, Niko and Roman are kidnapped by Russian mobsters on orders of their boss Mikhail Faustin and his lieutenant, Dimitri Rascalov. Indifferent to Vlad's murder, Faustin releases them and employs Niko as a hitman, eventually ordering him to kill the son of Russian crime lord Kenny Petrović. When Petrović threatens retaliation, Dimitri convinces Niko to assassinate Faustin. However, he then betrays and brings Niko to his former employer, Ray Bulgarin, who accuses Niko of stealing from him during a botched human trafficking job years earlier. Niko denies the allegation and a firefight ensues, allowing Dimitri and Bulgarin to escape.

  Dimitri's men burn down Niko and Roman's apartment and taxi company, forcing them to flee to Bohan. While Niko finds work with several local drug lords, Dimitri kidnaps Roman in a failed attempt to lure Niko into a trap. Later, Niko discovers that his romantic interest, a woman named Michelle, is a government agent, who then entraps him into working for her agency. In exchange for the murders of several known or suspected terrorists, the agency clears Niko's criminal record and assists him in searching for the traitor he seeks. Niko and Roman's fortunes improve when the latter receives a large amount of insurance money from his destroyed business, which he uses to rebuild it and buy an apartment in Algonquin. Roman also proposes to Mallorie, who accepts.

  While working for the Irish Mob, Niko befriends gangster Patrick "Packie" McReary and helps him and his brothers carry out various jobs, including a major bank robbery. Niko is later hired by Ray Boccino, a caporegime in the Pegorino crime family, to oversee a diamond deal, which goes awry. Boccino repays Niko by helping him find his ex-comrade Florian Cravic, now known as Bernie Crane, who claims he was not the one to betray their unit. Niko concludes that the traitor was Darko Brevic, the only other survivor. Niko continues working for the Mafia in Liberty City and eventually earns the trust of Don Jimmy Pegorino, who orders Niko to kill Boccino after suspecting him of being a police informant. Niko also helps Packie kidnap Don Giovanni Ancelotti's daughter to ransom her for the diamonds, but Bulgarin intercepts the exchange. In the ensuing firefight, the diamonds are lost.

  Eventually, the government agents find Darko in Romania and bring him to Liberty City for Niko to decide his fate. Afterwards, Niko is summoned by Pegorino for one final favour: to help with a highly lucrative heroin deal in collusion with Dimitri. Niko must either agree to work with Dimitri or exact revenge on him.^[26] If Niko goes through with the deal, Dimitri betrays him again,^[27] kills Pegorino,^[28] and attempts to kill Niko via an assassin at Roman's wedding, but accidentally kills Roman;^[29] Niko retaliates by tracking and murdering Dimitri.^[28] If Niko chooses to exact revenge, he kills Dimitri aboard the Platypus,^[30] prompting a furious Pegorino to target Niko but accidentally kill Packie's sister Kate, whom Niko had been dating, at Roman's wedding;^[29] Niko retaliates by tracking and murdering Pegorino.^[31] Later, either Mallorie or Roman tells Niko that Mallorie is pregnant.

  Development[edit]

  

  Preliminary work on Grand Theft Auto IV began in November 2004,^[32] a month after the release of Grand Theft Auto: San Andreas.^[33] Rockstar president Sam Houser felt that following up San Andreas was "a nightmare".^[34] Rockstar North, the core 220-person team behind the game, co-opted studios owned by parent company Rockstar Games to facilitate development between a full team of over 1,000,^[35] including 50 employees at Rockstar NYC, 40 at Rockstar Lincoln, 10 at Rockstar San Diego, and around 600–700 working part-time internally and externally.^[36] Some key members of the development team worked 12-hour days during production, often without holidays.^[35] The team decided to continue the numbering scheme absent from the previous two main games to represent the same leap in production as Grand Theft Auto 2 (1999) to Grand Theft Auto III (2001).^[33] Development of Grand Theft Auto IV ceased by 21 April 2008 when the game was submitted for manufacturing.^[37] Producer Leslie Benzies estimated that the budget of the development efforts exceeded US$100 million, making Grand Theft Auto IV one of the most expensive video games ever made.^[35]

  Research and open world design[edit]

  The game's setting, Liberty City, is based on New York City. The team did not look at the previous renditions of Liberty City as inspiration, wanting it to retain the "general feel" but nothing else.^[38] The map is roughly three times the size of Grand Theft Auto III's.^[38] The developers originally considered using the entire state of New York, before restricting it to Manhattan, and then expanding it out again. They considered including more suburbs with woods, and would regularly vote on which areas to include.^[39] Art director Aaron Garbut said that the team chose the setting because of the detail and variety it provided, describing New York as "an amazing, diverse, vibrant, cinematic city".^[40] Writer Dan Houser added that the team "wanted to be somewhere where we had a foothold" due to the amount of research required for the world; Rockstar Games's main headquarters are located in New York.^[41] The team consciously avoided a precise recreation of New York City to allow for more enjoyable game design,^[32] selecting the areas that they felt "characterised it the best".^[40] Garbut wanted to capture a caricature of the city as he felt that most people were familiar with "the highlights" from film or literature but did not need to know the areas precisely.^[40] The city was not built with specific missions in mind; the area was created first, and missions implemented later.^[42]

  To achieve a realistic environment, 60–70 employees from Rockstar North travelled to New York for research: first at the beginning of the project in March or April 2005 for a week and a half,^[39] and a smaller trip in 2007.^[38] Police officers who previously worked the beat drove the team around Washington Heights.^[39] A full-time research team based in New York handled further requests for information, such as the ethnic minority of a neighbourhood or videos of traffic patterns. Videos shot in New York were played on televisions at the Rockstar North offices "so while they worked they could look up and there was New York".^[39] Benzies claimed that the team took over 100,000 photographs on location in New York,^[35] though Garbut estimates that they took around 250,000.^[38] They also studied architectural plans for apartments, used satellite images to determine city block layout, researched sales figures for models of cars, and read books that detailed the city's infrastructure, including its subways, sewers, and garbage disposal.^[43] Hove Beach is based on Brighton Beach, which Sam Houser found "pretty incredible" and unusual; the name is based on the English city Brighton and Hove, made up of the former neighbouring towns Brighton and Hove.^[44] Houser appreciated that Brighton Beach was home to several Eastern Europeans due to the nature of the game's characters.^[44]

  Dan Houser described Liberty City as "the biggest character" of the game.^[40] The Grand Theft Auto IV rendition of Liberty City is more detailed and larger in size than most earlier entries in the series; although smaller than San Andreas, the setting of the previous main game, the developers considered it comparable in scope due to city's verticality, number of buildings, and level of detail.^[45] The team wanted less dead spots and irrelevant spaces, such as the wide open deserts in San Andreas.^[32] They wanted the game to be "a more focused experience" than San Andreas, and Dan Houser felt that the limited activities of New York allowed this.^[33] The team felt that the addition of Niko's mobile phone added to the immersion of the world and represented society's shifted focus on phones.^[33] The in-game brands and products are designed over several years; the billboards were implemented in the game around six months prior to release.^[38]

  Story and character development[edit]

  See also: Niko Bellic

  

  Leslie Benzies

  

  Dan Houser

  

  Sam Houser

  Benzies produced the game. Dan Houser co-wrote the story,^[35] while his brother Sam executive-produced the game.^[34]

  The game's script, written by Dan Houser and Rupert Humphries, is about 1,000 pages.^[35] Approximately 660 actors provided voices for the game over 80,000 lines of dialogue.^[39] After conceiving the character and setting, Dan Houser spoke with his brother Sam Houser and Leslie Benzies to bounce story ideas before writing a rough synopsis, a six-paged, detailed document. Once the synopsis was reworked, the designers broke it into missions, represented by a large flow document demonstrating each section. The writers then work on the introductions to the missions; the gameplay dialogue comes much later.^[41] Unlike previous Grand Theft Auto games, Grand Theft Auto IV does not have cinematic influences. "We were consciously trying to go, well, if video games are going to develop into the next stage, then the thing isn't to try and do a loving tribute or reference other stuff," said Dan Houser.^[41] He said that the writers wanted something "fresh and new and not something that was obviously derived from [a] movie".^[41] Dan Houser felt that the quality of the writing had to improve alongside the advancements in graphics and technology. He noted that the improvements in facial animation allowed for slower-paced cutscenes.^[40] The unique dialogue that plays when a mission is retried was to ensure that the gameplay felt "less canned and less like Groundhog Day".^[40]

  Dan Houser described Niko Bellic as "a more rounded character" than those in previous games.^[40] He felt that his dual personality—often saving innocent people, while also being a "cold-hearted killer"—made him more relatable.^[40] He also felt that Niko's unfamiliarity with Liberty City allowed for the player to relate to him more, only driven by his vague past and relationship with Roman. When deciding on Niko's background, the writers felt that being an immigrant could lead to more dangerous situations, and therefore more enjoyable missions; after discussions with criminal experts, Dan Houser found that "the real scary characters are not born in America anymore".^[40] He felt that Niko's outsider view of American culture was "fun".^[40] The team wanted Niko to be "more of an anti hero than a hero, capable of making positive actions within his criminal world".^[46] They wanted his demeanour to reflect the weight of his past and choices.^[46]

  Niko's design underwent a few changes, but was finalised early in development.^[47] His outfit underwent several changes based on Eastern Europeans, particularly photographs of men fighting in winter wars in Yugoslavia and Chechnya. The primary motivation for the design was a face to convey the appropriate emotions and a body that could move nicely with the new animations.^[40] The in-game purchasable outfits were also designed to fit with the character.^[33] The team ensured that the gameplay choices presented to the player were not too extensive, as they still had to make sense to the character, who is driven by the people around him. Dan Houser felt that the missions in San Andreas had become too linear, and wanted to present choices to the player in Grand Theft Auto IV.^[40]

  The writers found that Niko needed a motivation to come to America, so they created his cousin, Roman. Dan Houser felt that the two could not be brothers as there would be a deeper level of familiarity than necessary. He described the two as a double act, with Roman's fantasist charm playing off Niko's tough cynicism. The team gave other non-playable characters (NPCs) more definable behaviours and dialogue to make them feel more alive. The writers initially considered having a smaller group of characters, but found that the story became boring and that players were less likely to explore the world. The stranger characters found in the game world were based on the "crazy people" that populate New York, according to Dan Houser, which in previous games were only able to be captured through radio stations or mild pedestrian behaviours.^[38] The team based the ethnicities, clothing, and behaviours of the NPCs on the photographs and videos that they captured around New York, divided into different areas;^[40] they created mood boards for each location.^[38] The NPCs also converse in different languages.^[39]

  Art design[edit]

  Grand Theft Auto IV sees a shift in the series to a more realistic and detailed style and tone, partly a result of the transition to consoles which offered high-definition graphics and the new and improved capabilities of such consoles. The development team worked to represent the upgrade in quality across all design aspects while maintaining the coherence of the previous games.^[32] The team took the game's development as an opportunity to "strip things back and start again", refining the art style without losing the style of the series;^[40] they distanced the game from the "cartoon-like style" of its predecessors while creating a new style that was consistent across all aspects of the game.^[48] Garbut found the increased demand of detail brought on by the advanced technology daunting.^[49] A technique used to make the visuals look real was to avoid harsh edges, instead blending surfaces together to make the world look dirty and lived-in.^[50] The props department created multiple variations of different objects to make the world more interesting and unique.^[40] G